Programming Language (Julia, C++) Frequently Asked Questions

Should I use the Julia or C++ version of ITensor?

We recommend the Julia version of ITensor for most people, because:

Julia ITensor has more and newer features than C++ ITensor, and we are developing it more rapidly
Julia is a more productive language than C++ with more built-in features, such as linear algebra, iteration tools, etc.
Julia is a compiled language with performance rivaling C++ (see next question below for a longer discussion)
Julia has a rich ecosystem with a package manager, many well-designed libraries, and helpful tutorials

Even if Julia is not available by default on your computer cluster, it is easy to set up your own local install of Julia on a cluster.

However, some good reasons to use the C++ version of ITensor are:

using ITensor within existing C++ codes
you already have expertise in C++ programming
multithreading support in C++, such as with OpenMP, offer certain sophisticated features compared to Julia multithreading (though Julia's support for multithreading has other benefits such as composability and is rapidly improving)
you need other specific features of C++, such as control over memory management or instant start-up times

Which is faster: Julia or C++ ?

Julia and C++ offer about the same performance.

Each language gets compiled to optimized assembly code and offer arrays and containers which can efficiently stored and iterated. Well-written Julia code can be even faster than comparable C++ codes in many cases.

The longer answer is of course that it depends:

Julia is a more productive language than C++, with many highly-optimized libraries for numerical computing tasks, and excellent tools for profiling and benchmarking. These features help significantly to tune Julia codes for optimal performance.
C++ offers much more fine-grained control over memory management, which can enhance performance in certain applications and control memory usage.
Julia codes can slow down significantly during refactoring or when introducing new code if certain best practices are not followed. The most important of these is writing type-stable code. For more details see the Performance Tips section of the Julia documentation.
C++ applications start instantly, while Julia codes can be slow to start. However, if this start-up time is subtracted, the rest of the time of running a Julia application is similar to C++.

Why did you choose Julia over Python for ITensor?

Julia offers much better performance than Python, while still having nearly all of Python's benefits. One consequence is that ITensor can be written purely in Julia, whereas to write high-performance Python libraries it is necessary to implement many parts in C or C++ (the "two-language problem").

The main reasons Julia codes can easily outperform Python codes are:

Julia is a (just-in-time) compiled language with functions specialized for the types of the arguments passed to them
Julia arrays and containers are specialized to the types they contain, and perform similarly to C or C++ arrays when all elements have the same type
Julia has sophisticated support for multithreading while Python has significant problems with multithreading

Of course there are some drawbacks of Julia compared to Python, including a less mature ecosystem of libraries (though it is simple to call Python libraries from Julia using PyCall), and less widespread adoption.

Is Julia ITensor a wrapper around the C++ version?

No. The Julia version of ITensor is a complete, ground-up port of the ITensor library to the Julia language and is written 100% in Julia.