SiteType and op, state, val functions
Description
ITensors.SiteTypes.SiteType — TypeSiteType is a parameterized type which allows making Index tags into Julia types. Use cases include overloading functions such as op, siteinds, and state which generate custom operators, Index arrays, and IndexVals associated with Index objects having a certain tag.
To make a SiteType type, you can use the string macro notation: SiteType"MyTag"
To make a SiteType value or object, you can use the notation: SiteType("MyTag")
There are currently a few built-in site types recognized by jl. The system is easily extensible by users. To add new operators to an existing site type, or to create new site types, you can follow the instructions here.
The current built-in site types are:
SiteType"S=1/2"(orSiteType"S=½")SiteType"S=1"SiteType"Qubit"SiteType"Qudit"SiteType"Boson"SiteType"Fermion"SiteType"tJ"SiteType"Electron"
Examples
Tags on indices get turned into SiteTypes internally, and then we search for overloads of functions like op and siteind. For example:
julia> s = siteind("S=1/2")
(dim=2|id=862|"S=1/2,Site")
julia> @show op("Sz", s);
op(s, "Sz") = ITensor ord=2
Dim 1: (dim=2|id=862|"S=1/2,Site")'
Dim 2: (dim=2|id=862|"S=1/2,Site")
NDTensors.Dense{Float64,Array{Float64,1}}
2×2
0.5 0.0
0.0 -0.5
julia> @show op("Sx", s);
op(s, "Sx") = ITensor ord=2
Dim 1: (dim=2|id=862|"S=1/2,Site")'
Dim 2: (dim=2|id=862|"S=1/2,Site")
NDTensors.Dense{Float64,Array{Float64,1}}
2×2
0.0 0.5
0.5 0.0
julia> @show op("Sy", s);
op(s, "Sy") = ITensor ord=2
Dim 1: (dim=2|id=862|"S=1/2,Site")'
Dim 2: (dim=2|id=862|"S=1/2,Site")
NDTensors.Dense{Complex{Float64},Array{Complex{Float64},1}}
2×2
0.0 + 0.0im -0.0 - 0.5im
0.0 + 0.5im 0.0 + 0.0im
julia> s = siteind("Electron")
(dim=4|id=734|"Electron,Site")
julia> @show op("Nup", s);
op(s, "Nup") = ITensor ord=2
Dim 1: (dim=4|id=734|"Electron,Site")'
Dim 2: (dim=4|id=734|"Electron,Site")
NDTensors.Dense{Float64,Array{Float64,1}}
4×4
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0Many operators are available, for example:
SiteType"S=1/2":"Sz","Sx","Sy","S+","S-", ...SiteType"Electron":"Nup","Ndn","Nupdn","Ntot","Cup","Cdagup","Cdn","Cdagdn","Sz","Sx","Sy","S+","S-", ...- ...
You can view the source code for the internal SiteType definitions and operators that are defined here.
Methods
ITensors.SiteTypes.op — Functionop(opname::String, s::Index; kwargs...)Return an ITensor corresponding to the operator named opname for the Index s. The operator is constructed by calling an overload of either the op or op! methods which take a SiteType argument that corresponds to one of the tags of the Index s and an OpName"opname" argument that corresponds to the input operator name.
Operator names can be combined using the "*" symbol, for example "S+*S-" or "Sz*Sz*Sz". The result is an ITensor made by forming each operator then contracting them together in a way corresponding to the usual operator product or matrix multiplication.
The op system is used by the OpSum system to convert operator names into ITensors, and can be used directly such as for applying operators to MPS.
Example
s = Index(2, "Site,S=1/2")
Sz = op("Sz", s)To see all of the operator names defined for the site types included with ITensor, please view the source code for each site type. Note that some site types such as "S=1/2" and "Qubit" are aliases for each other and share operator definitions.
op(X::AbstractArray, s::Index...)
op(M::Matrix, s::Index...)Given a matrix M and a set of indices s,t,... return an operator ITensor with matrix elements given by M and indices s, s', t, t'
Example
julia> s = siteind("S=1/2")
(dim=2|id=575|"S=1/2,Site")
julia> Sz = op([1/2 0; 0 -1/2],s)
ITensor ord=2 (dim=2|id=575|"S=1/2,Site")' (dim=2|id=575|"S=1/2,Site")
NDTensors.Dense{Float64, Vector{Float64}}
julia> @show Sz
Sz = ITensor ord=2
Dim 1: (dim=2|id=575|"S=1/2,Site")'
Dim 2: (dim=2|id=575|"S=1/2,Site")
NDTensors.Dense{Float64, Vector{Float64}}
2×2
0.5 0.0
0.0 -0.5
ITensor ord=2 (dim=2|id=575|"S=1/2,Site")' (dim=2|id=575|"S=1/2,Site")
NDTensors.Dense{Float64, Vector{Float64}}op(opname::String,sites::Vector{<:Index},n::Int; kwargs...)Return an ITensor corresponding to the operator named opname for the n'th Index in the array sites.
Example
s = siteinds("S=1/2", 4)
Sz2 = op("Sz", s, 2)ITensors.SiteTypes.state — Functionstate(s::Index, name::String; kwargs...)Return an ITensor corresponding to the state named name for the Index s. The returned ITensor will have s as its only index.
The terminology here is based on the idea of a single-site state or wavefunction in physics.
The state function is implemented for various Index tags by overloading either the state or state! methods which take a SiteType argument corresponding to one of the tags of the Index s and an StateName"name" argument that corresponds to the input state name.
The state system is used by the MPS type to construct product-state MPS and for other purposes.
Example
s = Index(2, "Site,S=1/2")
sup = state(s,"Up")
sdn = state(s,"Dn")
sxp = state(s,"X+")
sxm = state(s,"X-")ITensors.val — Functionval(q::QN,name)Get the value within the QN q corresponding to the string name
val(s::Index, name::String)Return an integer corresponding to the name of a certain value the Index s can take. In other words, the val function maps strings to specific integer values within the range 1:dim(s).
The val function is implemented for various Index tags by overloading methods named val which take a SiteType argument corresponding to one of the tags of the Index s and an ValName"name" argument that corresponds to the input name.
Example
s = Index(2, "Site,S=1/2")
val(s,"Up") == 1
val(s,"Dn") == 2
s = Index(2, "Site,Fermion")
val(s,"Emp") == 1
val(s,"Occ") == 2ITensors.space — Functionspace(::SiteType"Qubit";
conserve_qns = false,
conserve_parity = conserve_qns,
conserve_number = false,
qnname_parity = "Parity",
qnname_number = "Number")Create the Hilbert space for a site of type "Qubit".
Optionally specify the conserved symmetries and their quantum number labels.
space(::SiteType"S=1/2";
conserve_qns = false,
conserve_sz = conserve_qns,
conserve_szparity = false,
qnname_sz = "Sz",
qnname_szparity = "SzParity")Create the Hilbert space for a site of type "S=1/2".
Optionally specify the conserved symmetries and their quantum number labels.
space(::SiteType"S=1";
conserve_qns = false,
conserve_sz = conserve_qns,
qnname_sz = "Sz")Create the Hilbert space for a site of type "S=1".
Optionally specify the conserved symmetries and their quantum number labels.
space(::SiteType"Fermion";
conserve_qns=false,
conserve_nf=conserve_qns,
conserve_nfparity=conserve_qns,
qnname_nf = "Nf",
qnname_nfparity = "NfParity",
qnname_sz = "Sz",
conserve_sz = false)Create the Hilbert space for a site of type "Fermion".
Optionally specify the conserved symmetries and their quantum number labels.
space(::SiteType"Electron";
conserve_qns = false,
conserve_sz = conserve_qns,
conserve_nf = conserve_qns,
conserve_nfparity = conserve_qns,
qnname_sz = "Sz",
qnname_nf = "Nf",
qnname_nfparity = "NfParity")Create the Hilbert space for a site of type "Electron".
Optionally specify the conserved symmetries and their quantum number labels.
space(::SiteType"tJ";
conserve_qns = false,
conserve_sz = conserve_qns,
conserve_nf = conserve_qns,
conserve_nfparity = conserve_qns,
qnname_sz = "Sz",
qnname_nf = "Nf",
qnname_nfparity = "NfParity")Create the Hilbert space for a site of type "tJ".
Optionally specify the conserved symmetries and their quantum number labels.
space(::SiteType"Qudit";
dim = 2,
conserve_qns = false,
conserve_number = false,
qnname_number = "Number")Create the Hilbert space for a site of type "Qudit".
Optionally specify the conserved symmetries and their quantum number labels.
space(::SiteType"Boson";
dim = 2,
conserve_qns = false,
conserve_number = false,
qnname_number = "Number")Create the Hilbert space for a site of type "Boson".
Optionally specify the conserved symmetries and their quantum number labels.